FOOD PAIRING GUIDE
CANNABIS PAIRING GUIDE
Terpene Types
- Monoterpenes are lighter, volatile compounds found in cannabis and many other aromatic plants. Examples include myrcene and limonene. They are typically burned off at low temperatures, which is why they may be re-added to edibles where they are often lost during the cooking process.
- Sesquiterpenes such as caryophyllene and humulene, boil at higher temperatures and are more likely to be present in edibles due to their stability under heat.
Myrcene
- Type: Monoterpene
- Aromas: Earthy, Mixed Herbs, Mushroom, Forest Floor, Skunk, Mango
- Terpene Benefits: Sleep Aid, Muscle-relaxant, Anti-depressant
- Cannabis Strains: Kosher Kush, Himalayan Gold, White Widow
- Terpene Effect: Sleepy, Sedated
- Food Pairings: Mushroom Risotto, Spinach Quiche, Truffle Popcorn
- Wine Pairings: Pinot Noir, Syrah, Grenache
- Notes:
- Most abundant terpene in cannabis; found in hops and mangos, known to amplify the effects of THC.
- Increases cell permeability allowing THC to affect the brain more quickly.
Limonene
- Type: Monoterpene
- Aromas: Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit, Blood Orange, Tangerine
- Terpene Benefits: Stress Reliever, Weight Loss Aid, Mood-enhancer
- Cannabis Strains: Lemon Haze, OG Kush, Tangie
- Terpene Effect: Enhanced Mood, Uplifted
- Food Pairings: Oysters, Seared Scallops, Lemon Bar
- Wine Pairings: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Albariño
- Notes:
- Assists in skin absorption in topicals; low THC and high limonene can be beneficial for depression.
- With CBD, may enhance mood and relieve stress more effectively than either alone
Pinene
- Type: Monoterpene
- Aromas: Pine Trees, Pine Needle, Wet Wood, Rosemary, Dill
- Forms: Alpha-pinene (more common, uplifting) and beta-pinene (sedative).
- Terpene Benefits: Aids Asthma, Provides Energy, Anti-inflammatory
- Cannabis Strains: Bubba Kush, Jack Herer, Trainwreck
- Terpene Effect: Alert, Focused
- Food Pairings: Pesto Pasta, Sautéed Pine Nuts, Rosemary Popcorn
- Wine Pairings: Pinot Gris, Vermentino, New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc
- Notes:
- Most abundant terpene globally; found in both indica and sativa strains, contributing to uplifting effects, Known to enhance alertness, memory, and counteracts some THC effects like paranoia.
- Can help reduce the memory impairments commonly associated with THC
Beta-Caryophyllene
- Type: Sesquiterpene
- Aromas: Clove, Black Pepper, Cinnamon
- Terpene Benefits: Anti-anxiety, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Pain Reliever
- Cannabis Strains: Rockstar, Northern Lights, Skywalker OG
- Terpene Effect: Reduced Pain, Calm, Stress Free
- Food Pairings: Seared Spiced Steak, Chipotle Spiced Nuts, Pumpkin Pie
- Wine Pairings: Zinfandel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Petit Sirah
- Notes:
- Acts on CB2 receptors; recognized for antifungal and antibacterial properties.
- Detected by drug-sniffing dogs.
- Binds to CB2 receptors, acting almost as a cannabinoid by directly influencing the body’s immune system to reduce inflammation without psychoactive effects.
- When combined with CBD, it may enhance anti-inflammatory effects more so than when either compound is used alone
Linalool
- Aromas: Citrus Blossom, Violet, Lavender, Rose, Lilies, Geranium
- Terpene Benefits: Anti-anxiety, Sleep Aid, Muscle-relaxant, Anti-depressant, Anti-acne
- Cannabis Strains: Lavender OG, LA Confidential, Amnesia Haze
- Terpene Effect: Relaxed, Rejuvenated
- Food Pairings: Vegan Curry, Herbes de Provence, Crème Brûlée
- Wine Pairings: Viognier, Nebbiolo
- Notes:
- Found in lavender; enhances anti-seizure effects of THC and synergizes with pinene for anti-depression.
- Linalool and CBD together can provide a powerful anti-anxiety effect, as both compounds individually contribute to reducing stress and anxiety but may be more effective in combination.
- Linalool also enhances the sedative effects of THC, making it beneficial for users seeking relief from insomnia.
Humulene
- Type: Sesquiterpene
- Aromas: Earthy, woody, and spicy.
- Terpene Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, appetite suppressant.
- Cannabis Strains: White Widow, Headband, Girl Scout Cookies, and Pink Kush.
- Terpene Effect: Inflammation-reducing and appetite-suppressing effects.
- Food Pairings: Complements robust, hearty dishes well; think along the lines of roasted meats, stews, and dishes that incorporate herbs like sage and clove.
- Notes:
- Humulene is also found in large amounts in hops, sage, and black pepper.
- It shares a similar molecular structure with caryophyllene, and they are often found together in many cannabis strains, contributing to their spicy and woody aromas.
- Its role in potentially reducing appetite may interest those using cannabis for weight management or as part of a dietary regimen.
Ocimene
- Type: Monoterpene
- Aromas: Sweet, herbal, and woody with subtle citrus undertones.
- Terpene Benefits: Known for its antifungal properties, decongestant effects, and potential to act as an anti-inflammatory.
- Cannabis Strains: Dutch Treat, Golden Goat, Amnesia, and Super Lemon Haze are known for higher levels of Ocimene.
- Terpene Effect: Typically uplifting and can assist in clearing congestion; may also help in reducing inflammation.
- Food Pairings: Works well with light, fresh dishes such as citrus salads, herbal vinaigrettes, or dishes that incorporate floral notes like lavender or rose.
- Notes:
- Ocimene is known to be moderately volatile, making it effective in aromatic uses such as in diffusers or inhaled therapies.
- It can contribute to the characteristic sweet and herbaceous scents of certain cannabis strains.
Bisabolol
- Type: Sesquiterpene
- Aromas: Sweet, floral, with hints of citrus and spice; often associated with the aroma of chamomile, as it is a primary component.
- Terpene Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-fungal, and potentially anti-cancer properties. It’s also noted for its ability to help other pharmaceutical compounds penetrate the skin, enhancing their effectiveness.
- Cannabis Strains: Master Kush, Harle-Tsu, ACDC, and Pink Kush are some strains that may feature noticeable levels of Bisabolol.
- Terpene Effect: Soothing, calming, and healing, particularly beneficial for skin care formulations.
- Food Pairings: Complements subtle and light desserts well, such as fruit tarts, vanilla or chamomile-infused custards, or light cakes.
- Notes:
- In the context of cannabis, it contributes to a soothing and calming experience, making strains high in Bisabolol suitable for evening use or for medicinal purposes focused on relaxation and relief.
- Bisabolol is particularly prized in the cosmetic industry for its skin-healing properties.
Terpinolene
- Type: Monoterpene
- Aromas: A complex aroma that is sweet, piney, herbal, and with a hint of citrus. It is one of the least common terpenes found in cannabis but contributes a distinctively fresh scent.
- Terpene Benefits: Known for its antioxidant properties. Terpinolene may also have sedative effects that contribute to the calming aspects of some cannabis strains. Additionally, there are studies suggesting potential anti-cancer and antibacterial properties.
- Cannabis Strains: Jack Herer, Ghost Train Haze, and XJ-13
- Terpene Effect: While terpinolene is not typically associated with a strong physical effect, its subtle presence is appreciated for its potential to uplift and slightly sedate, making it suitable for use in formulas aiming to promote relaxation without intense sedation.
- Food Pairings: Its fresh, somewhat floral and citrus notes make it a good match for light dishes such as grilled seafood, citrus salads, and even in fruit desserts like sorbets or citrus tarts.
- Notes:
- Terpinolene’s multifaceted scent profile makes it a favorite in the production of perfumes and soaps, in addition to its therapeutic uses.
- It is often present in smaller quantities compared to other terpenes in cannabis, yet its impact on the aroma and effects of a strain can be significant, adding a layer of complexity to the bouquet and experience.
Nerolidol
- Type: Sesquiterpene
- Aromas: Perfume, Jasmine, Ginger Flower, Tea Tree
- Terpene Benefits: Antifungal, Anti-depressant, Sleep Aid
- Cannabis Strains: Island Sweet Skunk, Skywalker OG, Banana Kush
- Terpene Effect: Tranquil, Peaceful
- Food Pairings: Coconut Jasmine Rice, Ginger Honey Chicken, Carrot Ginger Cake
- Wine Pairings: Riesling, Muscat, Gewürztraminer
- Notes:
- Boils off at high temperatures; typically present in edibles.
The Entourage Effect
Cannabinoids have a wide range of medical uses, including treatment of chronic pain, neurological disorders, nausea, and inflammation. They are also used to:
- Improve appetite in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
- Treat muscle spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis.
- Reduce seizures in severe forms of epilepsy like Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes interact with cannabinoids to enhance their effects—a phenomenon known as the entourage effect. For instance, CBD doesn’t directly bind to cannabinoid receptors (CB1 or CB2) but facilitates the movement of other cannabinoids to these receptors, influencing effects like pain relief or anti-inflammation.
- CB1 Receptors: Located in the brain and central nervous system, activation of these receptors by THC results in the psychoactive effects associated with getting high.
- CB2 Receptors: Found throughout the body on cells associated with the immune system. Activation of these receptors does not make one feel high and is thought to reduce inflammation and other therapeutic effects.
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
Known for its psychoactive properties, THC is what gives cannabis users a “high.” It’s effective for pain relief, appetite stimulation, and can help with insomnia and nausea.
CBD (Cannabidiol):
Non-psychoactive and effective in treating anxiety, seizures, inflammation, and pain without causing a high.
CBN (Cannabinol)
Synergy: Combining CBN with CBD can enhance sedative qualities without intensifying THC’s psychoactive effects, making it a popular choice for treating sleep disorders without high psychoactivity.
CBG (Cannabigerol)
Synergy: CBG works well with both THC and CBD to provide a balanced effect on pain and inflammation. Its potential neuroprotective properties make it a candidate for combination therapies aimed at neurodegenerative diseases.
CBC (Cannabichromene)
Synergy: CBC’s antidepressant properties are enhanced when used in conjunction with CBD and THC, providing a broader spectrum of mood-lifting effects while also adding to the overall anti-inflammatory and analgesic benefits.
THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin)
Synergy: THCV moderates the psychoactivity of THC while contributing its appetite-suppressing effects. This cannabinoid is promising for weight management and metabolic disorders, particularly when used with CBD, which can enhance its blood sugar level stabilizing actions.
CBDV (Cannabidivarin)
Synergy: Like CBD, CBDV’s efficacy against seizures and neurological disorders is amplified when combined with other cannabinoids and terpenes that support neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory actions.
How are marijuana, cannabis and hemp different? A guide to weed terms.
The cannabis plant and its many products come with a complicated and sometimes confusing vocabulary. Many words are used interchangeably, but there are some key differences.
We interviewed experts to compile this guide to explain what these words mean — and what the science says.
Cannabis
Cannabis usually refers to the plant from which various weed products come. Both scientists and cannabis industry professionals use the term.
Marijuana
In the United States, the term marijuana refers to cannabis plants that have a certain level of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is responsible for getting people high. Marijuana is legal in some states but illegal federally.
Other countries, however, rarely use the word and call anything with high THC cannabis. Some U.S. lawmakers have also pushed to abandon the use of the word marijuana, arguing it has racist roots.
Pot, mary jane, dope and kush are slang words used to refer to marijuana.
Hemp
Hemp is cannabis plants that don’t have high levels of THC. Hemp is used primarily for commercial and industrial products such as rope, clothing and even food. It’s legal across the United States.
Cannabinoids
These are a group of compounds unique to the cannabis plant. The two most popular cannabinoids are probably familiar to most people: THC and cannabidiol, commonly referred to as CBD.
There are other minor cannabinoids that are integrated into products on the market. Many dispensaries tout that cannabinol (CBN) can help improve sleep, and cannabigerol (CBG) reduces pain, but experts are skeptical.
Some of these minor cannabinoids have been studied in mice, but there have not been many rigorous studies in humans, said Shanna Babalonis, the director of the UK Cannabis Center at the University of Kentucky.
THC
THC is the primary psychoactive compound from the cannabis plant.
It’s what accounts for the typical weed high, and studies suggest there is a risk of dependence if used often. The most common type of THC is delta-9 THC.
CBD
The second-most prevalent cannabinoid in the plant, CBD is still psychoactive but doesn’t have the same intoxicating effects as THC. Many users report that its more mild effects help mediate pain and regulate anxiety.
According to the World Health Organization, it also has a relatively low or no abuse potential. “We don’t think people will have a problem with drug abuse with CBD,” Babalonis said.
CBD products are legal in the United States, as long as they don’t have more than a certain amount of THC.
Main Product Categories
Let’s break down the main product categories:
CANNABIS FLOWER
The most classic form is dried cannabis buds that grow on the plant. Typically smoked or vaped. The active compounds like THC and CBD are cannabinoids. There are actually dozens of cannabinoids, plus aromatic terpenes, creating different strain profiles.
Some strains are more energizing, some more sedating, some balanced. Inhaled flower also provides the fastest relief.
CANNABIS CONCENTRATES
These refined extracts contain very high cannabinoid potency. Types include vape cartridges, waxes, oils, hash and more. Mostly vaped using specialty gear.
Great for those needing intense doses. You can also find CBD or balanced options without overwhelming intoxication. Concentrates offer unmatched flavor and effects when properly prepared.
CANNABIS EDIBLES
Food and drinks infused with cannabinoids. Options like gummies, baked goods, candy and chewing gum. Effects kick in slower over 30-60 minutes but last longer with full-body effects.
Edibles allow large doses without much volume. Pick stimulating vs. sedating varieties depending on your goals. Start low until you know your tolerance!
CANNABIS TOPICALS
Lotions, balms, oils applied to skin for localized relief. Don’t cause a high since cannabinoids remain near skin receptors. Can reduce inflamed joints and muscles without systemic effects.
CANNABIS TINCTURES
Cannabis extracts diluted into a liquid carrier oil. Applied under the tongue or ingested. Faster onset than edibles. Allows easy customization of dosing. Tradeoff is dealing with messy bottles.
So reflect on what effects you want and how quickly you want them. Start slowly with one product that aligns with your needs and observe how it makes you feel over time.
Cannabis offers many paths to better living.
